• A curved surface with a small thickness perpendicular to the middle surface, compared to other dimensions
  • Bending and stretching are coupled during deformation
  • Stresses perpendicular to the shell thickness are neglected
  • Degrees of freedom: in-plane stretching displacement, out-of-plane transverse perpendicular displacement, in-plane rotation
  • To satisfy continuity, transverse displacement minimum should be cubic interpolarion

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